The Moral And Ethical Role Of Government

The Moral And Ethical Role Of Government Ethics and morality form a central position in the functioning of the government. Under normal circumstances, it is the role of the government to ensure a just society where order and harmony exist. As a result the government has to establish and enforce ethical and moral standards so as to ensure that the society functions well. Decision making is the governments chief role. Therefore it must make ethical and moral considerations in order to make decisions that are in line with the welfare of the society. Ethics and morality are used interchangeably. The two terms are related in several ways. Nonetheless, there is an inconsequential dissimilarity linking the two. Most commonly is the fact that morality goes deeper than ethics in defining human behavior and conduct. Ethics refer to the standards that make the society a better place of all while morality provide for more deeper considerations that amount to religion and spirituality. In order for the government to ensure that ethical standards are adhered to, ethics and aspects of morality are entrenched into the law. This makes it conveniently possible to enforce ethical standards and ensure that all people conform to the law. However, certain aspects of ethics and morality cannot be made legal. This will make the society more complicated since certain morality aspects and ethics are perceptive. This brings into perspective the facet of belief and religion which formulates different people to hold diverse views on the concept of ethics and morality. The upshot is that, the government plays a significant role in enforcing ethics and morality. As a result it is expected that the leaders ensure that the society is just and orderly for all. The aim of this paper is to critically examine the role of the government in morality an ethics. To succeed in this endeavor, the paper will discuss different aspects of morality and ethics. Role of Government One of the central purposes of the government is to enforce the law. The law represents the will of the people who have their own cultural and ethical perceptions of reality. As a result the government enforces the ethical and moral values of the people it governs. In other words it can be rightly said that the government serves to accomplish the peoples perceptions of reality as represented in their ethical and moral values. This makes the role of the government more complex not forgetting that not all values of ethical and moral consideration can be enforced by the government. However, the government remains the prime custodian of peoples values. Ethics and moral values have a great influence on the operation of the society. It is therefore true that the government exercises control over the society. This is true in light of the task of enforcing laws. In order to get a better understanding of the role of the government as far as ethics and morality is concerned; more focus should be on the law (Preston Bishop 2000). The law is the governments instrument of power. To perform its functions, the government relies majorly on the law. On the other hand the law is perceived as being representative of the ethical, cultural and moral values of the people. Therefore as much as the law might not be the perfect tool of enforcing ethical and moral values, it remains the governments chief weapon against unprincipled practices and immorality. The law describes what is right and acceptable in society and therefore provides a blue print towards an ethical and just society. In order to affirm their quest for a just society, citizens are expected to adhere to the provisions of the law. Therefore, the law binds the society together bringing harmony among different people. Failure to conform to the law is perceived as breaking ethical standards established and is thus punishable. Therefore, the law is perceived as the peoples will to be enforced by the government. There are a lot of challenges the government faces in its ethical and moral roles. First and foremost are the different perceptions of ethics and morality. This is coupled by the practical reality that the law does not fully represent ethical and moral standards. Perceptions are a great threat to the governments role. This is due to the fact that certain parameters which are legal are sometimes perceived as violating ethical and moral standards. A good example is the issue of abortion. As much as abortion might be legalized, it still remains a debatable ethical issue. This is due to the fact that it is seen by some members in society as unethical. Other issues include divorce and promiscuity. These conflicts underline the fact that the law is not a sufficient tool of enforcing ethical and moral values. It underscores the failure of the government to ensure a just society through enforcing the law. Ethical and Social Obligations Ethics and a society are inseparable, due to the fact that ethical standards are the adhesive of a healthy society. Therefore there can never be a society without standards that define behavior and conduct. A just society can only exist in line with a set of values that represent the ethical and moral values of the people. A society on the other hand is governed by a group of leaders through the institution of government (Kizza, 2010). Therefore, it is obvious that it is the role of the government to ensure that the society is just and orderly. This is what is referred to as social obligations of the government. In essence the government is a tool of the society. It is established by the society to govern it and enforce laws that are deemed to represent the wishes, values and convictions of the people. The governments social obligations are nothing but the functions of ensuring that ethical and moral standards are adhered to accordingly. This involves the task of ensuring that the laws set represent the ethical and moral values of the people. Conversely, the government needs to go beyond the institutional role of enforcing laws to more welfare operations. This is line with the fact that the law in itself is inefficient as far as ensuring the enforcement of ethical and moral obligations is concerned. Decision Making A critical look at the origin of government points at the true essence of the institution. Several theories outline the origin of politics or government. Nevertheless, the contract of social theory is much relevance to the governments decision making role. Under the social contract theory, members of the society came together and surrendered their freedoms in exchange for order. In order to achieve this objective, the people established a government which was to govern the state on their behalf. Among the principal roles given of this institution was that of making decisions on behalf of the people (Cremer 2009). Therefore the governments most significant role is that of decision making. The role of making a decision is supposed to be in line with the interests and values of the society. This underscores the big role played by the government in ensuring a just society for all. Therefore in making a decision the government plays an important part in enforcing ethical and moral standards. Apart from enforcing the law which is perceived as the will of the people, the government has the authority to make decision that affect the functioning of the society. Therefore in making these decisions the government ought to put ethical and moral obligations in prime focus. In this role the aspect of public trust emanates. The government has been given the public trust which must be reflected in every decision it makes. Therefore public officials must make decisions that not only promote ethics and morality but also represent the same. In making decisions the government needs to be guided by two principal aspects. First and foremost is respect of the law. The law is the supreme guarantor of morality, ethics and justice. Therefore due importance should be granted to the law in the process of making decisions. Decisions that are contrary to the provisions of the law should be discouraged. The law should be the common denominator of all government decisions. This will protect the people from leaders with evil intentions. Another critical aspect of consideration is that of ethical consideration beyond the law. This should be interpreted in a positive manner to mean that the law should be upheld in high esteem but should not be the end of ethics. Certain aspects of morality and ethics are not entrenched in the law but should be upheld in decision making. This regards appointments and other aspects of governance. This calls for integrity on the part of state officials in the discharge of their duties. Need For Appropriate Actions Leadership is a delicate affair which involves a lot of aspects. Since leadership involves the tasks of vision, direction and governance a lot of care must be made to ensure that ethical and moral; standards do not take a back seat. The government is bestowed with a daunting task of ensuring order and justice in the society. This is to be achieved through the enforcement of laws that represent the ethical and moral values of the society. This is also done through the making of legal and ethical decisions. The government therefore plays a primary role in the whole concept of ethics and morality. Through its actions, decisions and operations the government has a lot of impact on the functioning of the society. There is need for appropriate actions on the part of the government so as not to undermine ethics and morality (Kiel Lennick, 2007). Since the success of a society depends on the manner in which ethical standards are adhered to, the government officials ought to be careful in th eir actions so as to promote a just and orderly society. It is against this background that governments need to put several measures in place so as to ensure that the aspect of ethics and morality plays an important role in its functions. This will result in a justly moral and ethical society which is what will make life better for the people. As far as the governments role in achieving justice and order in society is concerned, a number of considerations are necessary. Caution must be exercised in the process discharging the functions of the government. State officers ought to conduct their activities in manner that does not undermine ethical and moral values. To start with, it will be necessary to vet people before appointment to such positions. This will ensure that all those who get these positions are people of integrity. This will go a long way in ensuring that the role of the government in guaranteeing ethics and justice is not undermined by the quality of personnel in its ranks. Suggestions The ethical and moral role of the government is instrumental in ensuring justice and order in the society. Therefore it is upon the officials in the government to ensure that their actions and activities go in line which fostering harmony among the people. This will be achieved if all the laws are enforced in line with the peoples ethical and moral values as envisaged in the law. On top of these, the decision making arm of the government must be fully used to enhance ethical and moral values in the society. It will be against the purpose of ethics should state officials make illegal and unethical decisions. Apart from that state officials must be men and women of integrity so as not to compromise the values of the society. In order to succeed in this endeavor it will be appropriate for the government to classify its moral obligations into two. These are institutional duties and the social responsibilities. The former refers to the use of laws and structures of governance to enforce total adherence to moral and ethical values. This will call for the enactment of laws that represent the ethical and moral values of the people (Fisher 2003). Through the law, the government will ensure that there is justice and order in the society. Those who break the law should be liable for punishment. These will dissuade offenders and make society orderly and harmonious. Social responsibilities refer to those roles that affirm ethical values in the cultural set up. Through this arm, the government will set up and fund several organizations and commissions to cultivate tolerance, orderliness and ethics among the society. This will call for equity and equality so that all sections of the society feels taken care of. On to p of this is the decision making role f the government. The government should use its authority to make decisions in promoting justice, order and ethics. Conclusion The government is the chief custodian of morality and ethical values in the society. It is the role of the government to ensure that moral and ethical standards are maintained in the society so as to assure order and justice. The political system gives government the sole responsibility of ensuring stability, harmony and conformity in the society. It is along this line that the government plays an immense role in guaranteeing ethical and moral values. This role can be performed in many ways. Most commonly the enforcement focuses on the enactment of laws that represent the cultural and ethical values of the people. These laws are enforced so as to ensure conformity. Those who break the law are liable to punishment in accordance to the law. Through exercising the provisions of the law, the government achieves its objective of creating a just and orderly society. However, since ethics and morality are relative terms, not all aspects of ethics and morality can be entrenched into the law. This poses a challenge to the governments role of fulfilling ethical obligations. Therefore, it vital for the government to come up with other means of achieving justice and orderliness through ethics. Through its social obligations the government enforces ethical and moral standards in the society. This can be through its decision making arm and also through the establishment and funding of agencies and organizations that cultivate a culture of ethical values. The government also guarantees ethical values by granting freedom to the people to exercise their spiritual and religious convictions. Moral and ethical as pects have spiritual and cultural connotations, therefore through equality and freedom the government ensures justice in the society. The government plays a central role in ensuring ethics and morality in the society.

The Different Fields in the Business World Essay -- Business Managemen

The Different Fields in the Business World There are many different fields in the business world. Business Management is the largest field in the corporate world. It takes responsibility, skill and determination to form a successful business of any type. There are numerous areas within a business that need the skills of management. Control of expenses, payroll, time management, and to initially raise capital to start a business all are areas in which management has to play an important role. Any businesses main objective is to gain a profit. A profit is the amount of money a business earns after all of it debts are paid. The field of management is essential to organize the business in such a way that a profit is made. The business start up is the most important piece of a long puzzle to establish a successful business. An entrepreneur is an individual or group of individuals who desire to open their own business. An entrepreneur needs to gain "smart" money to start his business. "Smart" money is simply capital, and a business needs a lot of it to survive. Today one in ten businesses survive for more than a year. It is hard to start up a successful business today and even harder to maintain a successful business status. An entrepreneur will raise capital through numerous ways. He can look for investors that wish to gain a small silent partnership in the business, loans can be taken from a bank and one of the most common types of capital comes from the stock market. A business owner will take his company public on the stock exchange in order to raise money. While money is being raised, the owner has to determine a ballpark figure on how much he will need to run this business. Today it is said y ou should have sufficient capital to be able to support your business for two years without returning a profit. After the initial start up is complete then skill and determination is needed to keep the business going. Cost is the area within a business where profit is made. Cost is the amount of money, which is spent to produce the tangible and or intangible goods or services of your business. These costs affect the price of the product and or service that you are selling. One type of cost is called fixed cost. This type of cost is the expense of a business that does not change and are always constant in a business. When money is made, debts are the firs... ...he business. Time is equal to money because there are only a certain amount of hours in each business day for a business to produce all of its revenue. When time is wasted, the amount of gross income can be greatly reduced. One way this can be explained is through the employee waste of time. An example of this would be ten employees taking an additional ten minutes each at lunch, which equals one hour and forty minutes per day. Based on a five-day week of work, this equals to a total loss of eight hours and twenty minutes. If the average employee was estimated to produce a hundred and twenty dollars per hour, that would equal to a total loss of more than fifty thousand dollars for the year. This proves that what employees believe is just a few extra minutes can in turn dramatically change a businesses net profit from one extreme to the other. Business Management is a very dedicated and appreciated job position. The manager needs to have all eyes open and make sure that the business is running smoothly so that there are no defects in the way the business is being run which could eventually lead to a decrease in the amount of profit in which that business is making each year.

Development And Importance Of Youth Cultural Consumption

Introduction Consumption is a pivotal component in economies of regions, countries, cities, towns, and other localities. This is premised on the fact that consumption is a function of an area’s economic standing. The young people are affected by the identity mission, an issue which makes them big spenders. Identity is an aspect which is based on perceptions within different contexts (Kjeldgaard, 2002). The youth culture in the marketing world is held as a prototypical illustration of a global segment (Hassan and Katsanis, 2001).This has led to the labels like the Gen X, the teen segment, baby busters, etc. These sub sets of society stem from the uniform consumption styles adopted by the group. The sharing f such consumer behavior across the world is thought to be behind the development of the world youth sub culture growth. The spaces present in different localities where the youth conduct their lives are however hugely ignored (Kjeldgaard, 2002). Globalization creates an expl osion in the product and image market.The young consumers are generally responsive to world trends as compared to the other sub groups in the society. he different sub cultures and lifestyles across the globe continue to fragment though it seems like the youth segment of society continue to merge in reference to the pursuit of identity as reflected in their consumption habits. However, the notion of the young has changed over time shifting from its empirical sense to the cultural sense (Kjeldgaard, 2002). The identity construction in the youth is the largest consequence occasioned by youth consumer culture. However, in other localities it remains hugely latent in nature since it arises from primary meditation (Kjeldgaard, 2002).The youth consumer culture greatly impacts on the development of economies in a variety of ways. To begin with, the youth sub culture leads to an increased demand for various products, secondly, the sub culture occasions the growth of other services like adve rtising and marketing, thirdly, the sub culture expands the job market (Hassan and Katsanis, 2001). The youth as indicated above present a consumer oriented group. This is so because of their responsive nature to world trends. Unlike the old generation, the youth spends a lot of their income.The income due to the youth is however not always earned as a number of this generation may be dependent on the older generation for upkeep. However, the working class younger generation is known for their pursuit of fashion, an attribute which predisposes them to heavy expenditure (Hassan and Katsanis, 2001). This aspect implies that the youth forces the demand for luxury and fashion goods to higher levels. If a city is a big producer of the luxury or goods in the line of youth attraction, then such a city is likely to develop.The city or country will definitely have to expand on production with a view to meeting the rising demand or the products in question. however, if the country which offer s residence to the a youth which does not work though it spends, this may be a drain on the economy as a lot of money is spent on consumption instead of having such funds being channeled to investment. This will affect the future development of a city or a nation in the long run. In the same line, if the city or country does not produce the goods demanded by the younger generation, it means such a destination will have to rely on imports to meet the demand.Imports may be cheap; however, in the long run they will have an adverse effect on the country’s balance of payments (Hassan and Katsanis, 2001). This does not augur well for the development of any region whether a city or a country. The other effect of the consumer culture attributable to the youth segment of society as identified above rests on its ability to ignite the development and growth of other industries. Consumption is affected by a host of factors. Advertising and marketing present such factors.Every producer in tends to sell; selling depends on the level of awareness that pervades the ground concerning product emergence or availability. Advertisements are very creative and have developed to all time highs as marketers try to outwit each other. The result of the consumerism nature of the youth has thus led to the expansion and growth of marketing and advertising in different countries and cities (Hassan and Katsanis, 2001). The youth sub culture as realized remains consumption focused; as a result, the group is under no illusions as it must seek employment to support its activities.This inculcates a hard motif into the group in the pursuit of finances to fund their projects. In this pursuit, towns, cities, and countries benefit from a high number of competent individuals entering to the labor force. An increased number to the labor force has a variety of benefits to every society. Conclusion This paper finds out that the youth sub culture has a number of effects on the economies of towns, c ities and countries. The effects are two-fold as the culture leads to both beneficial and adverse effects, however, with good planning; the youth sub culture is a useful segment which helps in the development of an economy.

An Example Of How Society Changed Change - 1198 Words

Brianna Perrotta Crim 220-001 Instructor John Murphy Prompt: Discuss an example of how society was changed due to a change in law: Prohibition. The law is changing everyday for many reasons; these reasons may include Alcohol, Drugs, New ideas, Advancements, Government, Economics, Religion, Education, Family life, Recreation, and New technologies. Crime is the reason America has had to create rules to keep order to our society. These rules are followed my most citizens and those that chose to not follow are placed in jails and holding facilities. In the early 1900s Religious groups decided to make their own rules. This was known as the Prohibition. Prohibition was a constitutional ban under the 18th Amendment that was nationwide on all manufacturing/ making, distributing, and transporting of alcohol. Prohibition was intended to improve, even allow the lives of all Americans to protect individuals, families, and society at large from the effects of alcohol abuse. Reversely, prohibition did exactly the opposite. I chose prohibition because I believe it had a huge effect on America and alcohol in the early 19th century and is still changing to this day. In our society today the drinking age is at 21 years old, there tends to be a lot of underage drinking in our society although it does not consume the population’s lives like it did in colonial times. Legal history has been changing due to the change in generations. Law changes if there are issues that may harm people orShow MoreRelatedHow Has the Nature of Family Life Changed in Australia over the Past 50 Years and What Impact Has This Had on Australian Society ?1026 Words   |  5 PagesMarch 14 2013 How has the nature of family life changed in Australia over the past 50 years and what impact has this had on Australian society ? 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The Cyber Security Framework - 959 Words

Proper framework The path forward to secure transportation systems from cyber attacks will require broad-based commitments to improve cybersecurity awareness and the use of best security practices by individuals, industries and government agencies. Sector partners should work together to refine assessments of the cyber threats and vulnerabilities, and to assure timely sharing of cyber-threat information with owners and operators. The partners should continue to implement the Transportation Systems Sector’s Cybersecurity Strategy and support initiatives based on implementation of the NIST Cybersecurity Framework. For the possibility of an uptick in cyber incidents, the federal government has developed a number of tools to help†¦show more content†¦The framework profiles define the set of baseline activities an organization is currently using and the desired or target capabilities they would like to achieve. The tiers facilitate the gap analysis process, which leads to a tiered implementation for cybersecurity protection. The tiers provide a context for agencies to better understand their cybersecurity risk-management practices and to rate them. Using the cybersecurity framework, the Federal Highway Administation (FHWA) is creating a tool for state and local transportation agencies. The tool will be one part of the overall agency response to the emergent cyber resilience challenge. To develop the tool, the FHWA will tailor the NIST framework for transportation agencies with help from industry and operating agencies. The tool, now in the early stages of planning, will include a structu red cybersecurity assessment and development program for the transportation community of practice. 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Immunology - 666 Words

INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY: Compare and Contrast the Biological Processes Underlying Innate and Adaptive Immunity By (name) Course: Instructor: University: City/State: Date Compare and Contrast the Biological Processes Underlying Innate and Adaptive Immunity In the biology Immunology field, immunity is defined as the balanced state of a living organism for instance, the human body having sufficient biological defenses to combat infection, illness, or other unwanted biological incursion, while having acceptable tolerance to avoid contamination and allergies (Sompayrac, 2012, p.5). The immune system is a group of cells, nerves, and molecules that defend the body from many pathogenic microorganisms and contaminants in the environment.†¦show more content†¦For instance, the adaptive immune classification is organized around a binary class of cells, namely the T and B cells, whereas the cells of the innate immune classification are considerably more in number, comprising natural killer cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages (Pulendran, Katsikis, amp; Schoenberger, 2011, p. 12). Further differences can be seen from the immune system receptors. The receptors of innate classification cells are completely germline encoded, in other words, their structure is controlled by the genome of the cell and has a permanent genetically determined specificity. On the other hand, adaptive immune classification cells have semantically engendered variable-region receptors such as the TCR and BCR, which are T, and B cell receptors with variable specificities, fashioned by a complex procedure of gene segment reorganization within the cell (Pulendran, Katsikis, amp;Schoenberger, 2011, p. 13). Additionally, another difference is on a population level. Various studies such as ‘the conceptual framework for innate immunity’ highlight that innate immune classification cells have a non-clonal distribution of receptors, suggesting that all cells of an identical sort and have receptors with matching specificities. However, receptors on adaptive immune classification cells are dispersed clonally in a pattern that are suppurations of a specific cloneShow MoreRelatedGinger As A Known As Ginger Essay1017 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom disease. During certain moments, the immune system can be overworked contributing to negative health outcomes. 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Constitutional Limitations on Sovereignty

Question: Describe about the Constitutional Limitations on Sovereignty? Answer: Introduction This video clip is about the violation of sovereignty and invention. The speaker in this video clip is an professor who is helping his student in preparing her dissertation paper on the violation of sovereignty and the intervention. Video 1 Professor: We are taking about the paper that is basically a little trivial. And you must go further and this sound like that it is a big enough task as it is directorate reading is for reading. So, if done the basis for sovereignty and intervention understanding the major gap in your reading which I will soon to include on sovereignty of a lot of historical fragrance which I cannot have to read for a PhD dissertation ()and the same thing is for intervention.() And the way the intervention is a curse. And it looks a lot scope on political science of purchase. But at the moment we not sure what you can do in the long run. But in the short run you cannot do the summary on political science of purchase and a law of purchase. Now in that even there a major gap . I am terrifying that the most important two topics you have not read. Particularly subject wise and majorly author wise and also those in the the footnotes and endnotes. Because this are going to be kind of your reference for fut ure. This is what you master, this is what your mains to be read, and your paper will be a study guide for your class and also for your future and lots of roadmap. The places you can go and the places you must go. So. Footnote turns for you omportant., for me and for anyone who come here. You would make two topics. These two topics will be your road map.In these two topics with two other topics. One wo political science and the other is sovereignty violence particularly territorial violence. You can also decide on the non territorial sovereignty violation. And If it is non territorial then its of 50 types. You can go to territorial case study like the South Korea, China conflict (Power, 2014). The next topic is case study on non territorial sovereignty. Try to make a political comparison between China and Japan. Japan has experienced an economic crisis and also demographic crisis in the year 1990.He explained that before 1990 though Japan was experiencing high growth rate but due to demographic crisis lead to the economic crisis. There were too many old people at that time in Japan. It is found from the empirical data that both in Japan and Korea growth in labor is high. But these labors had so many kids and almost in every family the proportion of old people was high. This was the main reason behind the demographic crisis and also economic crisis that occurred in Japan and Korea at that time. He said that, United State had also experienced the same problem at that time. Japan had economic problem but they dont need any war. Chinese economy also had experienced some economic crisis. But at that time communist party of China had been experiencing some transitional problem a nd to resolve that they need to call war in order to unified the community. It is a liberal domestic politics. Chinese govt. needed this war to move to become original hegemony. They also give this hegemony over the South East Asia. It was expected that, due to this the Chinese economy would fall by 10%. But from the empirical evidence it can be observed that it fell only by 4% The U.A.E case as an example of non territorial sovereignty violation the cyber attack as as a cause of these types of violation. There are liberal theory to compare different nation politically. Please look at different journal article published by different international organization last 20 years and pick out article on the topic bilateralism and liberalism. Please look at the textbook first if you are confused about these topics. Please go through the chapter 6, 7, 8,9,11. Look at also the footnotes of the chapters. I also have my own copy. The chapters mentioned are very good sources for learning liberal ism and the about the territorial sovereignty. I do not say much about intervention. The territorial sovereignty is the main idea here. I do not say about anything about intervention because this is a specific subject. Now I would go for first four article of the journal of international organization. Do not go for more. Just look at the discussion about international theory, international need, and international hint. These are helpful in understanding intervention response. Please see article 2 paragraph 4. Now I will start the discussion about non-territorial invention. In the mean time, you can read about expecism, classical realism, classical intervention, constuctism, rational choice. In your summer vacation, you can spend time on the summarization of these topics. You can get books on this from the university presses, emirates university library. Books in university presses are very expensive. It sometime costs 100 dollars. You can check the journal on internal relationship, International topic, and different European journal on the same topic. You can make a dissertation on these topics in the summer. You can also make self-hypothesis on these subjects not necessary in the summer but on some other time. First take your own country as an example and then you can take other countries as case study to discuss violation of territorial sovereignty. Your main task will be to analyst the three main paradigms. Prof.Cane can help you in this task to you (Prokhovnik, 2013). Person 2: .I wants to work on International relation and American policies. Professor: You have to work with three measures or with three categories. Person 2: No, there are actually five categories. Professor: Then you have to take my carb class. Have you take any comparison? Person 2: I have taken only one comparative policy. Person 2: I think that IR is not that much related to the American policy. Anyway, what you can do is solely up to you. There is so much topic regarding American govt. You can work with rather liberalism in American Economy. Are you coming tomorrow on 3.30? Actually, my mentor was in China. Professor: No, I will come on Tuesday. Person 2: My mentor has told that there is much interested area to be analyzed in both IR and American Policy. Professor: Ok. Do your analysis according to your mentors instruction. You can also works with the law of purchase. Person 2: Yes, I have included that topic in my analysis. Professor: Ok guys, we are taking about the long-term effect of the law of purchase. I want to tell something. If you want to pursue PhD then you must read from the day one. I know no one does that. You also must read relevant article on the American policy. You also have summarized the literature. You have to write on the digital violence, hacks done by Chinese people. What U.S government is doing to prevent this hacking? You can also mention the work done by 25 U.S agencies situated in Washington against this hacking. Forex will be the focus. What did you feel about moving from one place to another place? Person: How can I get into America? Professor: You have to make green card first as the first stepping. Person: I also want to ask about dieses. Professor: Are you taking about dissertation. Person: No, I am taking about disease. Professor: Ok, I understand. Professor: This is completely different topic. We are taking about domestic violence. You can check websites of the WHO. Professor: Now will discuss about the difference between cooperative Vs. Non cooperative responses. These are based on expectation and so forth. You can also do comparison between cooperative responses and self help responses. You can also state about cooperation on non state activity. You could do case study on the digital attack and digital cooperation. You can try also international Trade, WTO trade law, domestic institutional mechanism like American Trade code etc. Ok, I will upload all this discussion on the net. Do you have any question more? Person: Do I need to include any other topic in my analysis? Professor: No, I think this is enough. Video 2 Professor: We are looking at sovereignty Person: I mainly focused on classical sovereignty. Professor: I am thinking about a plan on your directive reading and read more articles on invention rather than sovereignty Person: Yes. Professor: Do you have a preference? Person: I dont have Professor: so when we are looking at sovereignty if you accept the technology of four different categories if you look at the classical sovereignty from the viewpoint almost everything is a violation for this sovereignty. Whereas recent conceptualization moved towards either a voluntary of concession of sovereignty by state and therefore technically there is no violation of concession .This one category. Second is internationalization of issues which city council operates and another form of treaties of voluntarily sovereignty is done through multi lateral processes as opposed to bilateral agreements . There are different notion whether sovereignty is being violated or not. The concept innovation concerns illegal or violating norms. The definition from the legal point of view can be narrowly consolidated as the Australian doctrine or could be some other conceptualization. Crasner notion of sovereignty can be referred actual form of penetration into the critical process of the country without necessarily violating the national law and order. They do sometimes violate other norms and not legal norms. Therefore lead to disputes and this dispute can be classified as violating legal norms, violating regime norms or violating understanding on adhoc basis or violating bilateral or multilateral norms. Then the dispute are curbing because the norms are unclear. The resulting from the new situation in which there is new technology, new resources and therefore the norm has changed because the circumstances have changed. Sometimes that kind of dispute follows legal discourse and categorizization. The situation would be the mixture of legal and non legal dispute. So, with that kind of overview which you want to study is you can assign each of these categories. I mentioned some of the author along the way. The treaty before 1651 and after 1651 both talk about the norms of the violation of sovereignty. Peace, promotion, sovereignty and intervention is huge. You might found a lot of empirical discussion about sovereignty. For example, a lot of discussion on female sovereignty which fits into the situation of internationalization. Because of trety, there is costly universal and hence by the state and or human existence which I never saw. Therefore applying to some extent, as a subject of violation of state sovereignty even though I never was talking about this violation. And the maximum invention actually forcibly either results of security cancellation, sanction. With this security cancellation equalizing the forcibly invention protecting rights. On the one hand most limited form of human rights is just evaluation and the maximum authorization norm to take to change the govt. The sovereignty is poor. We have natural resource despite of territorial dispute and we often have sovereignty base disputes. Various institutions try to resolve peacefully through legally regulated process like irrigation, mediation, arbitration, consolidation, bilateral and multil ateral processes. So then you have a kind of pedicle science. Most of I discussed concerns international war. You could do some combination asking a question about what is the other form of the international sovereignty dispute using lying on regime or lying on corporation. Conflicts can be resolved from this particular way. There may emerge another conflict because the regulation cannot be applied. Territorial sovereignty is a biggest norm. So in some scene the mapping or overview of the big picture which is really very clear on having govern globally through incorporation ,war of some adhoc basis for example climate change which cannot be regulated. References Power, G. (2014). Constitutional Limitations on Sovereignty, 2014 edition. DigitalCommons@UM Carey Law. Prokhovnik, R. (2013). From Sovereignty in Australia to Australian Sovereignty. Political Studies, 63(2), pp.412-430.